📌 先看这里：这一课讲什么
- 合约里写「Notwithstanding clause 5, ...」，论文里写「a small, albeit significant, effect」——这些词在日常对话几乎听不到，正式文件却到处都是。
- C1 学过 although、despite、whereas；C2 要会的是更正式、更精确的一组：albeit、notwithstanding、insofar as、inasmuch as、hence、thereby、whereupon。
- 每个词都有固定的搭配限制：albeit 后面不接完整句子，hence 后面常不接动词。
- 学完能读懂法律条款、学术论文的连接逻辑，也能在正式写作里用对。
重点内容
albeit：虽然（接短语，不接句子）
- It was a small, albeit significant, improvement.
- He agreed, albeit reluctantly.
📌 albeit = although it is/was，但后面只接形容词、副词、名词短语：
- ❌ albeit it was reluctant
- ✅ albeit reluctantly
notwithstanding：尽管（法律、正式）
可以放在名词前面或后面：
- Notwithstanding the delay, the project was completed on budget.
- The delay notwithstanding, the project was completed on budget.
📌 在合约里常见：Notwithstanding clause 5, ...（尽管有第五条的规定……）
insofar as / inasmuch as：在……的范围内 / 因为
| 词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| insofar as | 在……的程度/范围内 | The plan succeeded insofar as costs were reduced. |
| inasmuch as | 因为、既然（很正式） | He is responsible inasmuch as he approved the budget. |
hence：因此（常省略动词）
- The product is handmade, hence the high price.（所以价格高。）
- Costs rose sharply; hence, profits fell.
📌 hence 后面常直接接名词短语，不需要完整句子。
thereby：从而、借此
接 -ing，表示前一个动作带来的结果：
- The company cut its workforce, thereby reducing costs by 20%.
whereupon：于是（紧接着）
正式叙事用，表示「就在这之后」：
- The judge read the verdict, whereupon the crowd erupted.
其他正式连接词
| 词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| whereas | 然而（对比） | Some prefer tea, whereas others prefer coffee. |
| nonetheless / nevertheless | 尽管如此 | It was risky; nonetheless, they went ahead. |
| thus | 因此、如此 | The data was incomplete; thus, no conclusion could be drawn. |
| moreover / furthermore | 此外 | The site is cheap. Moreover, it is close to the LRT. |
| provided that | 只要 | You may leave early provided that the work is done. |
例句练习
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| The results were positive, albeit limited to a small sample. | 结果是正面的，虽然只限于小样本。 |
| Notwithstanding the heavy rain, the marathon went ahead. | 尽管下大雨，马拉松照常举行。 |
| The shop is in the city centre, hence the high rent. | 那间店在市中心，所以租金高。 |
| The government raised the minimum wage, thereby increasing household income. | 政府调高最低工资，从而提高了家庭收入。 |
| The policy is effective insofar as it reduces waste. | 这项政策在减少浪费这一点上是有效的。 |
常见错误
❌ He agreed, albeit he was reluctant. ✅ He agreed, albeit reluctantly.
📌 albeit 后面不接完整句子（主语 + 动词）。
❌ The company cut staff, thereby it reduced costs. ✅ The company cut staff, thereby reducing costs.
📌 thereby 后面接 -ing。
💡 Costs rose, hence profits fell. 在一般写作里很常见；严格的正式写作更偏好 Costs rose; hence, profits fell. 或 Costs rose, hence the fall in profits.（hence 后接名词短语）。
Sources
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